[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/png/Periodic_Table_of_Elements_w_Chemical_Group_Block_PubChem.png ] or [https://ptable.com/#Properties ]
If we are going off the Lewis definition of acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors, the problems of ion solubility (mostly H+ and OH- ions) can be appropriately distanced from the actual behavior of hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH-) complexes in water. In other words, we first ask what species exist in what concentrations in the solution of interest, then what will happen between the different species. However, we cannot completely separate the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions due to Le Chatelier’s principle, which would state that the presence of the products of dissociation tend to prevent additional dissociation events. However, if product ions start being consumed in other reactions, the effective result is to shift the equilibrium back towards the starting materials, and additional dissociation events will then become energetically favorable. The result of this is that the behavior of chemical reactions is best contemplated holistically and with a full set of executive functionality instead of being taught as a series of disconnected fragments that imply the existence of a much higher level of precision than is actually ever possible and must be stitched together by students working without the benefit of fully developed brains. As I go through the process of writing out this series of posts, I am getting the definite impression that the progress that has been made in our understanding of atoms and orbitals has mostly obsoleted the way that general chemistry is currently taught, and that the current state of teaching is centered around exams to the detriment of the students. My general chemistry education also had far too much emphasis on the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases instead of treating these as equilibrium problems.
So and before we go any farther, let’s get pH out of the way. A lowercase “p” denotes the mathematical operation of taking the negative log of a quantity for some reason, so pH is actually the negative (base 10) log of H where H is the ionic activity of “H+” in the solution of interest. As it turns out, this is actually the activity of hydronium complexes instead of lone protons, but unless you are trying to visualize what is actually happening in the solution the two can be treated as equivalent. Of course, if you’ve gotten so obsessed with applying equations to chemical processes that you are willing to ignore the three-dimensional picture, you’re probably also not doing anything of value, but anyway. In most cases, pH can be calculated with the concentration of hydronium in moles per liter instead of a more rigorous activity measurement, so in other words pH is mostly equal to -log([H3O+]). [I should also note that the difference between the concentration of hydronium and the concentration of protons is not particularly significant in acid-base problems because the protons in water will either react with other species or form hydronium. If you are calculating the concentration of protons in water at any given time, you are also calculating the concentration of hydronium.] If you’re willing to get pedantic there is a nearly infinite amount of additional complexity that can be brought in here, but I’m not emotionally invested in this and see no reason to care. Proceeding with pH=-([H3O+]), you may notice that we are only calculating the acidity of our solution and not the basicity.
However, due to the spontaneous dissociation/autoionization of water, acidity and basicity are closely related to each other. In a volume of water, the multiplication product of the concentrations in moles per liter of hydronium/H3O+ and hydroxide/OH- is a constant. At 25 degrees Celsius, this constant (Kw) is equal to 1.0x10^-14, and Kw=[H3O+]*[OH-]. In this notation scheme, the square brackets denote concentration in moles per liter, and square brackets are usually but not always moles per liter. In any case, the reason to care is that the assumptions here mostly hold true once we start adding additional chemical species to the volume of water we started with. As the number of ions in solution increase, other issues start to arise, but mostly what you need to remember is that this is a simplified model and not an absolute definition of what is happening on the molecular level. Where this model is valuable is in relating the concentration of hydronium to the concentration of hydroxide (both in moles per liter) in a mostly reliable manner, which means that if we know a value for one at a given time we can calculate the value of the other one. So, if you have a concentration of hydroxide and you want to know the pH, you can use Kw to calculate the concentration of hydronium, then take the negative base 10 log of the result to get to pH. The addition of the logarithm allows the comparison of numbers with vastly different orders of magnitude but also brings quite a bit of confusion. In any case, using these assumptions we can define interrelated pH and pOH scales to measure acidity and basicity as the density of hydronium and hydroxide in solution. You may notice that this aligns well with the Lewis definitions, although we are not considering any other possible Lewis acids or bases.
Once you get into organic chemistry and start trying to do reactions, having a trace amount of ions in your reaction mixture doesn’t get you anywhere, and all of the assumptions as previously defined get thrown out of the window. At high concentrations of ions/high ionic activities (which are mostly equivalent concepts), we get back to the idiosyncratic and non-intuitive behavior that we expect to see in chemistry. These conditions also favor the Lewis definitions, and if it seems like I am being a bit heavy-handed in mentioning the advantages of teaching the Lewis definitions to students as early as possible you would be quite correct. Fully embracing the Lewis definitions will require the more neurotic or tradition-bound individuals among the chemical community to let go of literally centuries of work that turns out not to be valid, but as before I have no particular emotional investment in Brønsted-Lowry and would much prefer to be taught the concepts in a way that actually makes sense.
In my list of topics I am supposed to cover acid-base equilibrium, which in the context of water (aqueous solutions) is how hydronium and hydroxide move into and out of solution. First looking at “HA” or a proton donor, we can either have the acidic proton attached to the conjugate base or not. The Lewis basic strength of “A-” determines how tightly the H+ is bonded and therefore how accessible it is to the surrounding water molecules. If the H+ is bonded too tightly, there is no chance of a water molecule ever removing it, and the compound is probably not going to be participating in any aqueous acid-base reactions. At this point I am really wanting to bring in some more organic chemistry concepts and talk about an example like ethanol (CH3CH2OH) as a compound with three distinct types of protons in three different chemical environments, with the hydrogen on the oxygen end (Eth-OH) as well as the two lone pairs on the oxygen being the most interesting electron pair acceptors and donors, but the current general chemistry syllabus as defined by the American Chemical Society (ACS) prevents this. Moving on to “BOH” in water, the strength of the bond between “B+” and hydroxide is also going to be important. As an example, the hydroxl group on ethanol has essentially no chance of being removed in an aqueous solution unless something quite energetic/violent happens, but the hydroxl proton can be stripped off or another proton can bond to one of the lone pairs on oxygen depending on the reaction conditions.
In the context of this post, I am basically trying to get into a decent position to talk about buffers. These are modeled by the Henderson Hasselbalch equation and are usually a combination of a weakly proton-donating “HA” with the “A-” part of that molecule paired with a positively charged counterion (counter-cation possibly). As an example cation, let’s choose sodium (Na+), which is a terrible electron pair acceptor because it is already in a noble gas valence electron configuration and adding electrons will be destabilizing. So, we can basically ignore the sodium ions unless we are interested in the total ionic activity for some reason, and at the same time the charges all balance out. If we select the correct “A-” and adjust the relative amounts of “HA” and “NaA”, we end up with a mixture that starts out at a pH that can be predicted via calculation. This is normal when adding proton or hydroxide donors to water, but where buffers are different is the ability to absorb proton or hydroxide inputs without the pH changing much. This is because of the presence of both protonated “HA” and deprotonated “A-” and is useful in situations were the molecules under study cannot tolerate large pH swings, which usually means proteins and other biological molecules. Selecting a buffer requires the concept of the constant of acidic dissociation (Ka) and the negative log of the same (pKa), but between this and Henderson Hasselbalch equation you should have plenty of keywords to play with. I am also supposed to be covering titrations here, but since these are as obsolete as Brønsted-Lowry and really shitty to have to carry out in the lab I’m not going to bother.

DecResearch Inc. published a new report “Global Nutritional Lipids Market” report is inclusive of a definite aggressive standpoint that explains a summary of the entire industry and profiles of the major companies in the worldwide market. The Nutritional Lipids Market report also provides a detailed diagram of the innovations, production analysis, product specification, and product type, taking into consideration, factors such as costs, remuneration, and gross margins.
About Nutritional Lipids
The global Nutritional Lipids report provides a detailed outlook of this industry. It also explains the changing market dynamics, value chain, deployments, constraining factors, and market dynamic forces of the Nutritional Lipids Industry.
The global Nutritional Lipids Market has depicted an appreciable progress in the last few years and is anticipated to exhibit a decent growth rate over the forecast duration.
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[This sample copy includes a market basic introduction, overview, top players, key regions, segmentation, market history and future values, CAGR and other values, table of content, etc.]
Market Size USD 6 billion in 2016
Market Size USD 15 Billion in 2024
Predicted CAGR: 10%
Top Players: DSM N.V., Archer Daniels Midland Company, Omega Protein Corporation, Nordic Naturals, Croda International, FMC Corporation, BASF, Pharma Marine, Neptune Wellness Solutions, Polaris Nutritional Lipids, Kerry Group, Omega , Oils, Royal Canin, Frieslandcampina, CONNOILS
Major Segments of Nutritional Lipids Market Includes:
"Global Nutritional Lipids Market, By Product:
· Omega-3
· Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
· Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
· Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
· Omega-6
· Arachidonic Acid (AA)
· Linoleic Acid (LA)
· Medium Chain Triglycerides
· Others (Sphingolipids, omega-7, conjugated linoleic acids)
Global Nutritional Lipids Market, By Application;
· Dietary supplements
· Infant formula
· Pharmaceuticals
· Food fortification
· Animal nutrition
· Others
Global Nutritional Lipids Market, By Form:
· Liquid
· Powder
Global Nutritional Lipids Market, By Source:
· Plant
· Animal"
Scope of the Report:
This report completely focuses on the global Nutritional Lipids Market, spanning the regions of U.S., North America, APAC, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and South America. The market is categorized into sub-sections such as vendors, types, applications, and regions.
Major Highlights of Nutritional Lipids Market report:
· Nutritional Lipids Market Overview
· In-depth market segmentation
· Strategies of key players
· Manufacturing Analysis of Nutritional Lipids
· Market shares
· New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
· Sales Market Forecast
The content of the study subjects – enclosed in 15 chapters:
1 Nutritional Lipids Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope
1.2 Classification of Nutritional Lipids by Types
1.2.1 Global Market Revenue Comparison by Types (2019-2026)
1.2.2 Global Market Revenue Market Share by Types in 2018
1.3 Global Nutritional Lipids Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Market Size and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2014-2026)
1.4 Global Nutritional Lipids Market by Regions
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Manufacture 1
2.1.1 Business Overview
2.1.2 Nutritional Lipids Type and Applications
2.1.2.1 Product A
2.1.2.2 Product B
2.2 Manufacture 2
2.2.1 Business Overview
2.2.2 Nutritional Lipids Type and Applications
2.2.2.1 Product A
2.2.2.2 Product B
More…
3 Global Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Nutritional Lipids Revenue and Share by Players (2014-2019)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 5 Nutritional Lipids Players Market Share
3.2.2 Top 10 Nutritional Lipids Players Market Share
3.3 Market Competition Trend
4 Global Market Size by Regions
4.1 Global Nutritional Lipids Revenue and Market Share by Regions
4.2 North America Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.5 South America Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Continued…
Also, this report will provide details about short-term and long-term strategies that are adopted by the competitors of Nutritional Lipids Market. The scope of all these individual segments has been encompassed in the report and has been studied separately. This is likely to help shareholders decide where to invest in the right areas of the Nutritional Lipids Market.
*If you have any special requirements about report, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want. Thank You for reading this article.
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Read More Related Reports:
PDF Report | Micronutrients Market Outlook, Size, Shares, CAGR From 2020-2026
Global Mulberry Leaf Extract Market Outlook, Size, Shares & Forecast From 2020-2026

Pastebin link with footnotes: https://pastebin.com/uXSCjwZK

Nutrition

• Vegans lie to claim that health organizations agree on their diet:
  
  1. There are many health authorities that explicitly advise against vegan diets, especially for children.
  2. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics was founded by Seventh-day Adventists, an evangelistic vegan religion that owns meat replacement companies. Every author of their position paper is a career vegan, one of them is selling diet books that are cited in the paper. One author and one reviewer are Adventists who work for universities that publicly state to have a religious agenda. Another author went vegan for ethical reasons. They explicitly report "no potential conflict of interest". Their claims about infants and athletes are based on complete speculation (they cite no study following vegan infants from birth to childhood) and they don't even mention potentially problematic nutrients like Vitamin K or Carnitine.
  3. Many, if not all, of the institutions that agree with the AND either just echo their position, don't cite any sources at all, or have heavy conflicts of interest. E.g. the Dietitians of Canada wrote their statement with the AND, the USDA has the Adventist reviewer in their guidelines committee, the British Dietetic Association works with the Vegan Society, the Australian Guidelines cite the AND paper as their source and Kaiser Permanente has an author that works for an Adventist university.
  4. In the EU, all nutritional supplements, including B12, are by law required to state that they should not be used as a substitute for a balanced and varied diet.
  5. In Belgium, parents can get imprisoned for imposing a vegan diet on children.
• The supposed science around veganism is highly exaggerated. Nutrition science is in its infancy and the "best" studies on vegans rely on indisputably and fatally flawed food questionnaires that ask them what they eat once and then just assume they do it for several years:
  
  1. Vegans aren't even vegan. They frequently cheat on their diet and lie about it.
  2. Self-imposed dieting is linked to binge eating disorder, which makes people forget and misreport about eating the food they crave.
  3. The vast majority of studies favoring vegan diets were conducted on people who reported to consume animal products and by scientists trained at Seventh-day Adventist universities. They have contrasting results when compared other studies. The publications of researchers like Joan Sabate and Winston Craig (reviewers and authors of the AND position paper, btw) show that they have a strong bias towards confirming their religious beliefs. They brag about their global influence on diet, yet generally don't disclose this conflict of interest. They have pursued people for promoting low-carbohydrate diets.
  4. 80-100% of observational studies are proven wrong in controlled trials.
• A vegan diet is not sustainable for the average person. Ex-vegans vastly outnumber current vegans, of which the majority have only been vegan for a short time. Common reasons for quitting are: concerns about health (23%), cravings (37%), social problems (63%), not seeing veganism as part of their identity (58%). 29% had health problems such as nutrient deficiencies, depression or thyroid issues, of which 82% improved after reintroducing meat. There are likely more people that quit veganism with health problems than there are vegans. Note that this is a major limitation of cohort studies on vegans as they only analyze the people who did not quit. (survivorship bias)
  
• Vegans use appeals to authority or observational (non-causal) studies with tiny risk factors to vilify animal products. Respectable epidemiologists outside of nutrition typically reject these because they don't even reach the minimum threshold to justify a hypothesis and might compromise public health. The study findings are usually accompanied by countless paradoxes such as meat being associated with positive health outcomes in Asian cohorts:
  
  1. Vegans like to say that meat causes cancer by citing the WHO's IARC. But the report actually says there's no evaluation on poultry/fish and that red meat has not been established as a cause of cancer. More importantly, Gordon Guyatt (founder of evidence-based medicine, pescetarian) criticized them for misleading the public and drawing conclusions from cherry-picked epidemiology (they chose only 56 studies out of the supposed 800+). A third of the committee voting against meat were vegetarians. Before the report was released, 23 cancer experts from eight countries looked at the same data and concluded that the evidence is inconsistent and unclear.
  2. The idea that dietary raised cholesterol causes heart disease has never been proven.
  3. Here's a compilation of large, government-funded clinical trials to oppose the claims made to blame meat and saturated fat for diabetes, cancer or CVD. Note that these have been ignored WHO and guidelines.
  4. Much of the anti-meat push is coming from biased institutions like Adventist universities or Harvard School of Public Health who typically don't disclose their conflicts of interest. The latter conducted bribed studies for the sugar industry and was chaired by a highly influential supporter of vegetarianism for 26 years. He published hundreds of epidemiological anti-meat papers (e.g. the Nurses' Health Studies), tried to censor publications that oppose his views and wants to deemphasize the importance of experimental science. He has financial ties to seed oil, nut, fruit, vegetable and pharmaceutical industries and is part many plant-based movements like Blue Zones, True Health Initiative (Frank Hu, David Katz, Dean Ornish), EAT-Lancet and Lifestyle Medicine (Adventists, Michael Greger).
• Popular sources that promote "plant-based diets" are actually just vegan propaganda in disguise:
  
  1. Blue zones are bullshit. The longest living populations paradoxically consume the highest amount of meat. Buettner cherry-picks and ignores areas that have both high consumption of animal products and high life expectancies (Hong Kong, Switzerland, Spain, France, ... ). He praises Adventists for their health, but doesn't do the same for Mormons. Among others, he misrepresents the Okinawa diet by using data from a post WWII famine. The number of centenarians in blue zones is likely based on birth certificate fraud. The franchise also belongs to the SDA church now.
  2. The website "nutritionfacts.org" is run by a vegan doctor who is known to misinterpret and cherry-pick his data. He and many other plant-based advocates like Klaper, Kahn and Davis all happen to be ethical vegans.
  3. EAT-Lancet is pushing a nutrient deficient "planetary health diet" because it's essentially a global convention of vegans. Their founder and president is the Norwegian billionaire, hypocrite and animal rights activist Gunhild Stordalen. In 2017, they co-launched FReSH - a partnership of fertilizer, pesticide, processed food and flavouring companies.
  4. The China Study, aka the Vegan Bible, has been debunked by hundreds of people including Campbell himself in his actual peer-reviewed publications on the study.
  5. The Guardian, a pro-vegan newspaper that frequently depicts meat as bad for health and the environment, has received two grants totaling $1.78m from an investor of Impossible Foods.
• A widespread lie is that the vegan diet is "clinically proven to reverse heart disease". The studies by Ornish and Esselstyn are made to sell their diet, but rely on confounding factors like exercise, medication or previous bypass surgeries (Esselstyn had nearly all of them exercise while pretending it was optional). All of them have tiny sample size, extremely poor design and have never been replicated in much larger clinical trials, which made Ornish suggest that we should discard the scientific method. Both diets included dairy.
  
• Vegan diets are devoid of many nutrients and generally require more supplements than just B12. Some of them (Vitamin K2, EPA/DHA, Vitamin A) can only be obtained because they are converted from other sources, which is inefficient, limited or poor for a large part of the population. EPA+DHA from animal products have an anti-inflammatory effect, but converting it from ALA (plant sourced) does not seem to work the same. Taurine is essential for many people with special needs, while Creatine supplementation improves memory only in those who don't eat meat.
  
• The US supplement industry is poorly regulated and has a history of spiking their products with drugs. Vitamin B complexes were tainted with anabolic steroids in the past, while algae supplements have been found to contain aldehydes. Supplements and fortified foods can cause poisoning, while natural products generally don't. Even vegan doctors caution and can't agree on what to supplement.
  
• Restrictive dieting has psychological consequences including aggressive behavior, negative emotionality, loss of libido, concentration difficulties, higher anxiety measures and reduced self-esteem. There is an extremely strong link between meat abstention and mental disorders. While it's unknown what causes what, the vegan diet is low in or devoid of several important brain nutrients.
  
• A vegan diet alone fulfills the diagnostic criteria of an eating disorder.
  
• Patrik Baboumian, the strongest vegan on earth, lied about holding a world record that actually belongs to Brian Shaw. Patrik has never even been invited to World's Strongest Man. He dropped the weight during his "world record", which was done at a vegetarian food festival where he was the only competitor. His unofficial deadlift PR is 360kg, but the 2016 world record was 500kg. We can compare his height-relative strength with the Wilks Score and see that he is being completely dwarfed by Eddie Hall (208 vs 273). Patrik also lives on supplements. He pops about 25 pills a day to fix common vegan nutrient deficiencies and gets over 60% of his protein intake from drinking shakes.
  
• Here's a summary on almost every pro athlete that either stopped being vegan, got injured, has only been vegan a couple of years, retired or was falsely promoted as vegan.
  
• Historically, humans have always needed animal products and are highly adapted to meat consumption. There has never been a recorded civilization of humans that was able to survive without animal foods. Isotopic evidence shows that the first modern humans ate lots of meat and were the only natural predator of adult mammoths. Most of their historic technology and cave paintings revolved around hunting animals. Our abilities to throw and sweat likely developed for this reason. Our stomach's acidity is in the same range as obligate carnivores and its shape has changed so much from other hominids that we can't even digest cellulose anymore. The vegan diet is born out of ideology, species-inappropriate and could negatively affect future generations.
  
  1. The cooked starch hypothesis that vegans use is inconsistent with many observations.
• Compilations of nutrition studies:
  
  1. Veganism slaughter house (80+ papers).
  2. 70+ papers comparing vegans to non-vegans.
  3. Scrolls and tomes against the Indoctrinated.
  4. Zotero folder of 120+ papers.

Environment

• Cow farts do not cause climate change. The EPA estimates that all agriculture produces about 10% of US greenhouse emissions, while animal agriculture is less than half of that. Other developed countries, like Germany, UK and Australia all have similarly low emissions. Vegans use global estimations that are skewed by developing countries with inefficient subsistence agriculture. Their main figure is an outdated and retracted source that compared lifecycle to direct emissions.
  
• Many environmental studies that vegans use are heavily flawed because they were made by people who have no clue about agriculture, e.g. by the SDA church. A common mistake is that they use irrational theoretical models that assume we grow crops for animals because most of the plant weight is used as feed, The reality is that 86% of livestock feed is inedible by humans. They consume forage, food-waste and crop residues that could otherwise become an environmental burden. 13% of animal feed consists of potentially edible low-quality grains, which make up a third of global cereal (not total crop) production. All US beef cattle spend the majority of their life on pasture and upcycle protein even when grain-finished (0.6 to 1). Hence, UN FAO considers livestock crucial for food security and does not endorse veganism at all.
  
• Plant-to-animal food comparisons are deceiving because animals provide many actually useful by-products that are needed for medicine, crop fertilization, clothing, pet food and public water safety. Vegans are in general very dishonest when comparing foods, as seen here where they compare 1kg of beef (2600 kcal, 260g protein) to 1kg of tomatoes (180 kcal, 9g protein). The claim that we could feed more people just with more calories is also wrong because the leading causes of malnutrition are deficiencies of Iron, Zinc, Folate, Iodine and Vitamin A - which are common and most bioavailable in animal products.
  
• Vegan land use comparisons are half-truths that equate pastures with plantations. 57% of land used for feed is not even suitable for crops, while the rest is often much less productive. Grassland can sequester more carbon and has a four times lower rate of soil loss per unit area than cropland. Regenerative agriculture restores topsoil, is scalable, efficient and has high animal welfare. Big names like Kellogg are investing in it for long-term profit. On the other hand, removing livestock would create a food supply incapable of supporting the US population’s nutritional requirements due to lack of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and fatty acids - while removing most animal by-products.
  
• Water usage is possibly the most ridiculous way vegans deceive. The water footprint is divided into green (sourced from precipitation) and blue (sourced from the surface). Water scarcity is largely dependent on blue water use, which is why experts use lifecycle models. Vegan infographics always portray beef as a massive water hog by counting the rain that falls on the pasture. 96% of beef's water usage is green and it can even be produced without any blue water at all. The crops leading to the most depletion are wheat (22%), rice (17%), sugar (7%) and cotton (7%).
  
• Going vegan won't do shit for the Amazon rainforest because the majority of Brazil's beef exports go to China and Hong Kong. The US or European countries each account for 2% or less. Soybean demand is driven by oil; the rest of the plant (80%) is a by-product that is exported as Chinese pig feed. Brazil is also a misrepresentative and atypical industry. Globally, cattle ranching accounts for 12%, commercial crops for 20% and subsistence farming for 48% of deforestation. The US use about half as much forest land for grazing than 70 years ago.
  
• Livestock is not routinely supplemented with vitamin B12. Cows that consume cobalt (found in grass, which is free of B12) produce it with gut bacteria in the rumen. Gastrointestinal animals (including humans) initially can't absorb it, but instead excrete it and can then eat their own shit. B12 is in the soil because of excretions - ground bacteria exist but have never been shown to be the main source. Plants are devoid of B12 because competing bacteria consume it, not because of soil depletion. The "90% of B12 supplements go to livestock"-figure...
  
  1. is bullshit that vegans keep on parroting. It originates from an article that calls humans herbivores, with no source.
  2. ignores the fact that you can get B12 from seafood and venison. A can of sardines provides 3x the RDA.
  3. is illogical because animals on unnatural diets can simply be given cobalt instead of the synthetic supplement that vegans rely on. Cows also destroy most of B12 in their gut before it can be absorbed.

Socioeconomics

• Voluntary veganism is a privilege that is enabled by globalization and concentrated in first-world societies. Less than 1% of Indians are vegan. Jains, who are similar to vegans, are the wealthiest Indian community and even they still drink milk. In fact, India is a great example of why veganism doesn't work because they've religiously pursued it for thousands of years and still couldn't do it. Even Gandhi was an ex-vegan that had to warn them how dangerous the diet is.

Ethics

• Veganism is a harmful ideology that promotes the abstinence from any "optional" animal suffering inflicted to support human health. For example, vaccines are not vegan. And just like meat, some people have already considered them unnecessary. Likewise, popular vegan communities also encourage people to put their carnivorous pets on a vegan diet to "avoid" cruelty. Hence, promoting animal rights is fundamentally anti-human because it will restrict or remove access to even the most basic needs, such as food or clothes. The only reason vegans are able to deny this is because they are pretending that the people who had to suffer for their ideology don't exist.
  
• Vegans are not raising enough awareness about deficiencies and as a result harm innocent children. B12 deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage, psychosis and is hard to notice. 10-50% of vegans say they don't even take any supplements.
  
• Vegan diets are more dependent on slavery because they rely on global food supply. Many crops, especially cotton, nuts, oils and seeds that they have to include in higher quantities to make up for animal products are to a large extent child labor products from developing countries. 108 million children work in agriculture. Cheese replacements (guess who's responsible for that) are usually made with cashews, which burn the fingers of the women who have to remove the shells. A larger list of examples can be found here.
  
• Vegans have never been able to define or measure that their diet causes less deaths/suffering than an omnivorous one. They are ignorantly contributing to an absolute bloodbath of trillions of zooplankton, mites, worms, crickets, grasshoppers, snails, frogs, turtles, rats, squirrels, possum, raccoons, moles, rabbits, boars, deer, 75% of insect biomass, half of all bird species and 20,000 humans per year. Two grass-fed cows are enough to feed someone for a year and, if managed properly, can restore biodiversity. The textbook vegan excuse where they try to blame plant agriculture on animals and use only mice deaths, fabricated feed conversion ratios of 20:1 and a coincidentally favourable per-calorie metric is nonsense because:
  
  1. The majority of animal feed is either low-maintenance forage or a by-product that only exists because of human food harvest.
  2. It literally shows that grass-fed beef kills fewer animals.
• Vegans likely exploit more animals than the average person. The Vegan Society officially rejects beekeeping, but many commercial crops require to be pollinated by domestic bees that are forced to breed, shipped around and then worked to death. It's principally impossible to have a nutritionally complete vegan diet without forced pollination, but fodder crops do not exploit bees. As a result, human food crops kill five times as many bees as all livestock slaughter combined and directly support honey production (taking excess honey is necessary for colony health). Vegans should also call around and make sure that their seasonally changing food exporters don't rely on insects, terriers, sheep, ducks, organic fertilizers or anything from developing countries where animal labor is still common.
  
• The ethical framework around veganism (negative utilitarianism) is so insane that its logical conclusion is to prevent as much life and biodiversity as possible in order to reduce suffering, which means it also favors Brazilian rainforest beef over crop cultivation. This line of thought is already followed by organizations like PETA who proudly state it to be their goal and will steal and euthanize other people's pets. Vegans reject appeals to nature when they are used to defend omnivorism, yet falsely assume that animals are more happy under the stress of natural selection. In contrast to livestock, wild animals are never guaranteed to receive shelter, protection, food, medical care, low stress or a quick death. Animal rights conflict with welfare because their goal is not to increase happiness, but just to oppose animal husbandry. Put differently, vegans pretend to support the wellbeing of animals, but can hardly even do so with their consumer power. What they are doing is more likely to kill off local ranchers and ensure a monopoly for Tyson/JBS, who are spearheading fake meat btw.
  
• The average vegan is, based on their demographic, a New York hipster that has never seen a farm in their live. Animals are not being abused (This is one of the "factory farms" where 99% of animals come from). Undercover videos have often been staged by agenda-driven activists who get paid to apply for farm jobs and encourage animal abuse. The real industry has government-inspected welfare regulations. (Dominion straight up lies about pigs in slaugherhouses getting no water - it's required by law). Here's some actual industrial slaughterhouse footage of Beef, Turkey and Pork. For comparison, rodenticides are intentionally made to drain the life out of rats over three days so that they can't figure out what killed them.
  
• Vegans love to misportray farm practises and anthropomorphize animals by giving them concepts that they don't care about, or even enjoy. Sexual coercion ("rape") is normal procreation and cows don't see a problem with it. They will even milk themselves when given the possibility. Pigs don't mind eating their own babies or getting shot. Even the myth that they are as intelligent as dogs comes from a questionable study made by animal rights advocates.
  
• The reputation of vegans is based exactly on how they present themselves in public. Humans evolved to have predatory behaviour and as a result many people enjoy homesteading, hunting or fishing. Vegan activists frequently bother society and disrespect human biology - with thousands of years of history - for their arbitrarily chosen set of morals. There are actual animal rights terrorist groups that have sent bombs and stalked children, which they justify with it being done "in the name of veganism". Therefore, a very good reason to stay away from veganism is simply because someone doesn't want to be associated with a cult-like ideology.
  

Philosophy

• The definition that vegans pride themselves with is a laughing stock because not only is it so loosely defined that it can be used to call everyone vegan, but it also shamelessly co-opts all the belief systems that have existed for much longer. According to this definition, Hindu, Buddhists, the Inuit and carnivores can all be called vegan, but are not following the diet and therefore considered impure (apparently caring about animals was invented by some British guy in 1944). Vegans are nothing more than people who abstain from animal products, in fact veganism was originally defined as a diet.
  
• The misanthropic idea of "speciecism" was popularized by a nutjob philosopher who argues in favour of bestiality and belittles disabled people, but makes exceptions when it affects himself. Ironically, he eats animal products and calls consistent veganism fanatical. When it comes to the misanthropic aspect, animal rights activists themselves are the best example because they frequently insult minorities and crime victims by equating them to livestock with analogies to rape, murder, slavery or holocaust. The best part is that vegans are speciecists themselves because they justify their killing as "necessary for human survival" and still won't equate a cow to an insect.
  
• Since vegans somehow manage to justify systematically poisoning and torturing insects by arbitrarily declaring that they can't suffer ("sentience"), they might aswell consider eating them. The same goes for bivalves, since there's about as much evidence that they feel pain as there is for plants.
  
• A vegan diet itself is not even vegan under its own premises because it's not "practicable" to follow. It demands an opportunity cost of time, research and money that could be utilized in a better way and even then is not guaranteed to be efficient because it emphasizes purity. The entire following around veganism represents a Nirvana Fallacy and is the reason why the majority of people quit: Perfect is the enemy of good. A vegan diet makes it harder, and for many people impossible, to follow productive consumer approaches such as buying local, seasonal or supporting regenerative agriculture.
  

List of known nutrients that vegan diets either can't get at all or are typically low in, especially when uninformed and for people with special needs. Vegans will always say that "you can get X nutrient from Y specific source", but a full meal plan with sufficient quantities will essentially highlight how absurd a "well-planned" vegan diet is.

1. Vitamin B12
2. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)
3. Choline
4. Niacin (bio availability)
5. Vitamin B2
6. Vitamin A (Retinol, variable Carotene conversion)
7. Vitamin D3 (winter, northern latitudes, synthesis requires cholesterol)
8. Vitamin K2 MK-4 (variable K1 conversion)
9. Omega-3 (EPA/DHA; conversion from ALA is inefficient, limited, variable, inhibited by LA and insufficient for pregnancy)
10. Iron (bio availability)
11. Zinc (bio availability)
12. Calcium
13. Selenium
14. Iodine
15. Protein (per calorie, digestibility, Lysine, Leucine, elderly people, athletes)
16. Creatine (conditionally essential)
17. Carnitine (conditionally essential)
18. Carnosine
19. Taurine (conditionally essential)
20. CoQ10
21. Conjugated linoleic acid
22. Cholesterol
23. Arachidonic Acid (conditionally essential)
24. Glycine (conditionally essential)

Common vegan debate tactics/fallacies:

• Nirvana fallacy: "There's no point in eating animal products because everything can be solved with a perfect vegan diet, supplements and genetic predisposition."
  
• Proof by example: "Some people say they are vegan. Therefore, animal products are unnecessary."
  
• Appeal to authority: Pointing to opinion papers written by vegan shills as proof that their diet is adequate.
  
• No true Scotsman: "Everyone who failed veganism didn't do enough research. Properly planned vegan diets are healthy!" (aka not real Socialism)
  
• Narcissist's prayer: "Everything bad that came out of veganism is fault of the world, not veganism itself."
  
• No true Scotsman: "Veganism is not a diet, it's an ethical philosophy. No true vegan eats almonds, avocados or bananas ..."
  
• Definist fallacy: "... as far as is possible and practicable." (Can be used to defend any case of hypocrisy)
  
• Special pleading: "It's never ethical to harm animals for food, except when we 'accidentally' hire planes to rain poison from the sky." (You can trigger their cognitive dissonance by pointing that out.)
  
• Special pleading: "Anyone who doesn't agree with my ideology has cognitive dissonance."
  
• Appeal to emotion: Usage of words exclusive to humans (rape, murder, slavery, ... ) in the context of animals.
  
• Fallacy fallacy: "Evolution is a fallacy because it's natural."
  
• Texas sharpshooter fallacy: "A third of grains are fed to livestock. Therefore, a third of all crops are grown as animal feed."
  
• False dilemma: "Producing only livestock is less sustainable than producing only crops, so we should only produce crops."
  
• False cause: Asserting that association infers causation because it's the best data they have. ("Let's get rid of firefighters because they correlate to forest fires")
  
• Faulty generalization: Highlighting mediocre athletes to refute the fact that vegans are underrepresented in elite sports.
  
• JAQing off: This is how vegans convert other people. They always want them to justify eating meat by asking tons of loaded questions, presumably because nobody would care about their logically inconsistent arguments otherwise. Cults often employ this tactic to recruit new members. (They mistakenly call it the Socratic method)
  
• Argument from ignorance: NameTheTrait aka "vegans are right unless you prove their nonsensical premises wrong". (It's essentially asking "When is a human not a human?")
  
• Moving the goalposts: Whenever a vegan is cornered, they will dodge and change the subject to one of their other pillars (Ethics, Health, Environment or Sustainability) as seen here.
  
• Ad hominem: Nit-picking statements out of context, attacking them in an arrogant manner, and then proclaiming everything someone says is wrong while not being able to refute the actual point. (see Kresser vs Wilks debate)
  

I'm stuck on a problem.
It asks if you have a protein that has maximal activity at pH of 8.3 and we need to produce a buffer for the solution. What must be the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate in the buffer with Ka for carbonic acid = 7.9 x 10^-7)
When looking at the solution, I get how you use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation and first convert Ka to pka which would be roughly 6.2 (pka = - log(7.9x10^-7). And then just solve for [A] for 10^(8.3 - 6.2) = [A-], if we assume [HA] = 1 to get a ratio of some number over 1. This roughly translates to 1:158 ratio for acid to conjugate base. This part I get.
...
What I don't get is, I thought buffers are best in a acid to conjugate base ratio of 1:1, otherwise they wouldn't really work, since any slight change in acidity/basicity would result in a change pH, which is what a buffer is resisting (the whole point of a buffer). Since 1/158 <<<< 1/1, wouldn't the ratio described above no longer be considered a buffer (consider the half-equivalence point, where [HA]=[A], which seems to make the question wrong, since it is asking for what the buffer ratio would be, so the answer would the ratio of conjugate base/acid, but the pair would not longer be considered a buffer).
This is why I marked the choice of a 1:1 ratio (I get that this would be addressing a different pH), but would satisfy this definition of buffer.
Edit: I think my answer choice might be wrong because bicarbonate and carbonic acid would still resist change, but not to the capacity of a 1:1 ratio. So even an acid and conjugate base pair of 1/10^900 would still resist some pH change. Can someone confirm this?

I'm stuck on a problem.
It asks if you have a protein that has maximal activity at pH of 8.3 and we need to produce a buffer for the solution. What must be the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate in the buffer with Ka for carbonic acid = 7.9 x 10^-7)
When looking at the solution, I get how you use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation and first convert Ka to pka which would be roughly 6.2 (pka = - log(7.9x10^-7). And then just solve for [A] for 10^(8.3 - 6.2) = [A-], if we assume [HA] = 1 to get a ratio of some number over 1. This roughly translates to 1:158 ratio for acid to conjugate base. This part I get.
...
What I don't get is, I thought buffers are best in a acid to conjugate base ratio of 1:1, otherwise they wouldn't really work, since any slight change in acidity/basicity would result in a change pH, which is what a buffer is resisting (the whole point of a buffer). Since 1/158 <<<< 1/1, wouldn't the ratio described above no longer be considered a buffer (consider the half-equivalence point, where [HA]=[A], which seems to make the question wrong, since it is asking for what the buffer ratio would be, so the answer would the ratio of conjugate base/acid, but the pair would not longer be considered a buffer).
This is why I marked the choice of a 1:1 ratio (I get that this would be addressing a different pH), but would satisfy this definition of buffer.

I posted this in AverageToSavage and was told to post here as well,
I ran the AtS 2.0 4x/w "normal" version as part of the program party on this sub, and just to start this off I would like to thank Greg for his generosity of not only providing this program to everyone who signed up to the party program but also for all the other great information he's created over these years and all the goodness he brings to this community.
Now to the program review;

Program

As many of you already know, AtS2.0 is a program created by Greg Nuckols (u/gnuckols), it comes with a very nice spreadsheet that is highly customizable and you can make it whatever you want it to be. I will not do this program right by trying to explain it in my own words so I will just copy the description created by Greg:
"Average To Savage 2.0 is a 21-week program, split into three 7-week blocks. The first block will have you training with loads from 60-82.5% of your max, and is mainly focused on building muscle and work capacity. The second block will have you training with loads from 65-87.5% of your max, and is a good general strength block. The final block will have you training with loads between 70-95% of your max, and is a strength/peaking block. If you want to run the program all the way through and peak at the end, that’s awesome. If you aren’t interested in peaking and testing maxes at the end, feel free to run either the first 14 or 17 weeks on repeat.
By default, the program employs full-body training to allow for a higher training frequency. [...]
The default structure of the 21-week macrocycle takes a block periodization approach. Each 7-week meso-cycle employs a weekly undulating wave loading approach, with two 3-week waves followed by a deload. Each training week employs a daily undulating programming approach, with core lifts (squat, bench, deadlift, and overhead press by default) trained at a higher intensity than auxiliary lifts."
To add to this; the program uses a RPE (estimated Reps-In-Reserve, or eRIR) and most workouts are quite far away from failure, with most workouts being at 2-3 RIR (7-8 RPE), it's not until week 17 you encounter the first workout with 1 eRIR (RPE 9).
Time per workout: Days with one main movement and one auxiliary movement where around 1h 30m-1h 45m, while the days with one main movement and two auxiliary movements wehre around 2h 0m-2h 15m. This will depend a lot on how much rest time you take. My rest times depends a lot on movement/load and how tired I am on that day but in general; Bench and auxiliary movements tend to be between 1,5-3 min while squat and deadlift are usually between 3-5 min.

My background

I've been lifting for about 5-6 years with varying seriousness. I would say my lifting career has been pretty stereotypical. Started off by doing the typical 4-day bro-split for almost a year, then I fell in love with the deadlift and kind of just only deadlifted for almost a year before I started any "real" program. The first program I ran was Madcow 5x5 which worked great for me at the time. Then I ran Candito's 6 week program, ran a couple of cycles of Wendler 5/3/1, after realizing that my bench sucked compared to my other lifts I ran two cycles of smolov jr for bench. Then I tried some conjugate/westside-inspired programming, also ran nSuns for a while, and last year I ran The Juggernaut Method, which sadly ended up in me tweaking my back on the last set of the program by deadlifting with bad form, which lead to about 1 month of rehab into 5 months of just getting back to where I was. Then in January 2020 I ran Josef Eriksson's 10x10 bench-only program. Then the program party happened just as I finished up JE10x10 so I figured it would be fun to try it out.

Results (numbers are in kg/cm)

Me:

Stats	Start	End
Height	183	183
Weight	89	91,5

Main lifts:

Movement	Start TM	End TM	Tested Max (Before)	Tested Max (After)
Squat	180	191	190	192,5
Bench Press	140	144	140	137,5
Deadlift	230	240	240	230
OHP	70	75	70	75
Total	620	650	640	635

Auxiliary movements:

Movement	Start TM	End TM
Front Squat	120	141
Wider Stance Squat	130	151
Close Grip Bench	125	139
Bench With Feet Up	120	133
Sumo Deadlift	200	234
Push Press	75	87,5
Total	770	885,5

Auxiliary selection/accessories

I pretty much ran the program as it was given in the template, I picked the default selected auxiliary movements with the exception of switching out paused squat for wider stance squat and incline press for feet-up bench. My thought process for picking wider stance squat over pause squat was that a) I personally dont like pause squat, and b) I have a pretty narrow squat stance but I have very wide hips, so I thought this would be challenging for me in a new way and force me to get better hip mobility.
My thought process for swapping out incline press for feet-up bench was that incline barbell press gives me a pinching pain in my shoulder if the incline is too steep, and we dont have an adjustable incline barbell bench at my gym, we only have those stationary ones with a fixed incline.
For accessories I did what Greg suggested to begin with; one back exercise every session and then if I had additional time I did a few sets of shoulders/arms/calves. Towards the end of the program I switched it up a bit and did two days with full back work and two days with arm work, for less frequency but higher total volume.

Diet, sleep, recovery

Diet: I wanted to put on some size, since I've been hovering around 88-89kg for quite some time I figured it's time to put on some mass again, I dont count calories but try to get 200g of protein every day. Overall my macros are around 180-200g protein, 40-70g of fats and rest carbs, I estimate that my average caloric intake is between 3200 and 3400. I know my fats seem a bit low but I am not a fan of fatty foods, so in general im a bit low on fats, but try to eat my eggs and avocados every day. In all I think I had a quite good pace on my weight gain; I gained 2,5kg in about 6 months.
Before workouts I always eat a high carb meal with; oats, fruit/berries and casein which has worked very well for me.
I've also tried to reduce my caffeine intake which used to be 400-600mg/day, with at least 200mg right before working out, which for me is quite late (around 20:00). Now I've reduced my caffeine intake to 100-400mg/day, and I never take caffeine after 17:00 to improve my sleep quality. I cycle my caffeine intake so I take 100-200mg during "normal" workouts and might increase to 200-300mg for peaking blocks, which has worked quite well. On deload weeks I dont take any extra caffeine and try to keep it at ~100mg/day.
For supplements I take creatine, whey protein and casein protein (because im lazy and I try to keep my meat intake low).
Sleep: I average 7h30m-8h hours in bed but with ~7h of sleep, I have always had a hard time sleeping so honestly this is more than I usually get, I have a full-time job but with the current situation we work from home so I've quite a luxurious sleeping schedule right now since I dont have to spend any time commuting to work.
Recovery: I didnt have a very hard time recovering from most workouts, it was quite normal, some days more sore, some days less sore etc. But, having a office job and working from home makes it hard to get a lot of steps in. I try to take walks as often as I can, I average 6k steps per day so I would say a bit low. So just being a bit too sedentary might have affected my recovery a bit.

Overall Thoughts

In short; gains on main lifts are not something to write home about, but im very happy with the increases I had on my auxiliary lifts. I also found the program very fun due to every day being different movements making it feel less repetitive. I am however not a big fan of the 4x/w version of this program as the two workouts with one main movement followed by two auxiliary movements tend to be very long (2h+), and was very mentally taxing. I would definiately advice others that want to try this program to do the 5x/w or even 6x/w versions. If I remember correctly Greg also suggests the 5x/w version.
I am a bit surprised that my main lifts didnt go up (like barely at all) from my tested maxes before the program since I also gained 2,5 kg of bodyweight. I mainly think the reason for this is that the frequency on the main lifts is lower then what I am used to and also that im not used to training around RIRPE, and that I've been at either a too low, or too high, RIR then what I should've been. I feel like I put too much value into the TM number in the excel sheets, when a workout feels heavy I tend to get my 4th set at what might be a bit too low RIR just to not have the TM decreased, as seeing the TM decrease in the excel sheet has a negative psychological affect on me, which is something I need to work on for sure.
I also think another reason that my main lifts didnt increase was that I didnt select auxiliary movements that specifically target my main lift weaknesses good enough, for example for bench I should've chosen more pec-focused movements.
However, I am very happy with the results on my secondary lifts. I am specially happy about my sumo, the last 1-2 years of lifting my conventional has just felt off, it went from my favorite lift to my most disliked lift, I just cant seem to find the same tightness I did before (as a reference, I hit 235 almost 2 years ago, and february this year was my first pb since then), but now I kind of look forward to each sumo workout, might be because it's fun to do something that goes well, but it's nice to have the feeling of moving forward again.

Plan going forward:

Eventhough I didnt have the best results on my main lifts, I very much enjoyed the program and the variety it gives, and I already started a new cycle of this program with some changes;
I switched to 5x/w, as the two days with 1 main lift and 2 auxilliary lifts was just too much for me. This time around I also want to do a 35 week cycle instead with a reset after the second block, running block 1 and 2 two times before doing some kind of peaking block.
I also switched my bench auxiliaries to something that focuses more on my pecs, since my CGB is almost the same as my normal bench my weakpoint is probably pecs and not triceps, so this time around I choose a medium grip bench (pinkies just inside of rings on a PL bar) and dumbell bench press.
For squats I really dont think the front squat has a lot of carryover to my back squat, but still want to keep it in there because a) I feel like it is still a bit too low compared to my back squat, and b) the increased ROM of the front squat helps me feel more flexible and now I feel that hitting depth on my back squat is a lot easier.
I will however replace the wide-stance squat with a normal beltless squat. I felt a bit of strain on my hips with the wide-stance squat so I feel its safer to go with something closer to my normal stance, but I still want at least one squat movement to be beltless so I dont feel like I rely too much on equipment.
In terms of accessories I will also increase the volume a bit, and put in additional work for pecs and quads. For now I will keep doing what i did at the end of the program; focus on one/fewer muscle groups each workout, so for example I might rotate between back/pecs/quads accessories throughout the week, or whatever muscle group feels the freshest on that day.
All in all, this is a very fun program with a lot of variety, the spreadsheet comes with a lot of input that can be changed and customized however you want it, and you will get stronger in one way or antoher. I didnt pay for this program since I got it from the program party, but I definitely think it's worth it's money. But, if the goal is to only get as high of a total as possible on the main lifts, I would personally not choose this program but instead go for something with a bit higher frequency in the main lifts (or running the main lifts in place of some of the auxiliary movements, as someone suggested to me over at the A2S sub).

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